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Spanish grammar is the grammar of the Spanish language (''español, castellano''), which is a Romance language that originated in north central Spain and is spoken today throughout Spain, some twenty countries in the Americas, and Equatorial Guinea. Spanish is an inflected language. The verbs are potentially marked for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number (resulting in some fifty conjugated forms per verb). The nouns form a two-gender system and are marked for number. Pronouns can be inflected for person, number, gender (including a residual neuter), and case, although the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system. Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise, ''Gramática de la lengua castellana'', written in 1492 by the Andalusian linguist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Isabella of Castile at Salamanca.〔Henry Kamen, ''Empire: how Spain became a world power, 1492–1763'', 2002:3.〕 The Real Academia Española (RAE) traditionally dictates the normative rules of the Spanish language, as well as its orthography. Formal differences between Peninsular and American Spanish are remarkably few, and someone who has learned the dialect of one area will have no difficulties using reasonably formal speech in the other; however, pronunciation does vary, as well as grammar and vocabulary. Recently published comprehensive Spanish reference grammars in English include , , and . == Verbs == Every Spanish verb belongs to one of three form classes, characterized by the infinitive ending: ''-ar'', ''-er'', or ''-ir''—sometimes called the first, second, and third conjugations, respectively. A Spanish verb has nine indicative tenses with more-or-less direct English equivalents: the present tense ('I walk'), the preterite ('I walked'), the imperfect ('I was walking' or 'I used to walk'), the present perfect ('I have walked'), the past perfect — also called the pluperfect ('I had walked'), the future ('I will walk'), the future perfect ('I will have walked'), the conditional simple ('I would walk') and the conditional perfect ('I would have walked'). In most dialects, each verb tense has potentially six forms, varying for first, second, or third person and for singular or plural number. In the second person, Spanish maintains the so-called "T–V distinction" between familiar and formal modes of address. The formal second-person pronouns (''usted'', ''ustedes'') take third-person verb forms. The second-person familiar plural is expressed in most of Spain with the pronoun ''vosotros'' and its characteristic verb forms (e.g. ''coméis'' 'you (plural) eat'), while in Latin American Spanish that part of the paradigm is merged with the ''formal'' second-person plural (e.g. ''ustedes comen''). In other words, in Latin America, the familiar/formal distinction in the second person is not maintained in the plural. In many areas of Latin America (especially Central America and southern South America), the second-person familiar singular pronoun ''tú'' is replaced by ''vos'', which frequently requires its own characteristic verb forms, especially in the present indicative, where the endings are ''-ás'', ''-és'', and ''-ís'' for ''-ar'', ''-er'', ''-ir'' verbs, respectively. See "voseo". In the tables of paradigms below, the (optional) subject pronouns appear in parentheses. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spanish grammar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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